نشریه معماری و شهرسازی آرمان شهر
پیاپی 39 (تابستان 1401)

Study on the cognitive activities of designers is classified as an empirical study which is one of the ways to study on the scope of creativity in design process. Protocol analysis is an empirical research method for studying design behavior which is an appropriate method in this field. Concurrent with the use of protocol analysis, analysis methods have been presented by some researchers which can be used with the protocol analysis method. Among these analysis methods, linkography that is introduced by Gabriella Goldschmidt attracted the attention of many researchers. In this method, the design process of a designer is unfold by drawing a graph which is called linkograph. The current research, assesses creativity in conceptual design phase of design process of two Iranian professional architects with the use of protocol analysis and linkography. Certainly, measuring creativity in the design process of professional architects is a complex issue that with the help of such methods, some mysteries of this field can be revealed. In order to reach this aim, aspects of creativity in design process such as divergent and convergent thinking and creative insights, are studied in detail. Also, the way of analyzing these criteria by the linkograph was examined. The result shows that the level of creativity in the design process of one of the architects is at an appropriate level, while, the design process of the other architect, has not formed appropriately from the creativity point of view. This occurs in spite of the fact that sudden creative insights are distinguished in the second architect`s design process. What can be seen in the process of assessing creativity in the design process of the second architect is the lack of relative balance between divergent and convergent thinking.

The main goal of hospital designers is to create a healing environment. The concept of healing in the current century led to significant changes in the design of healthcare environments and has positive effects on recovery process. In the past, doctors and nurses are the main audiences of healthcare environments designers, but today, patients and their families are the center of attention .Focus on patient instead of treatment process proposed an approach called “Patient-Oriented” approach in hospital design. Patient safety and stress reduction are the primary features of a patient - oriented healing environment.This study presents how to design physical space of these centers to improve space quality and provide patient satisfaction. This project based on the literature review, observation and data was gained through a questionnaire of 96 patients of Imam Khomeini hospital in Tehran that with analyzing and evaluating the strengths and weaknesses, present appropriate solutions. The research tool is a questionnaire and SPSS22 and ASPECT softwares are used. In term of aim, it is functional and in term of data collection, it is a descriptive - analytical studyDiscussion seeks to answer the question of “How could have positive effects on the process of treatment and patient satisfaction by creating a patient- oriented healing environment?”The paper path which runs as follows:The concept of patient-oriented healing environment features, how to use them in designing to increase patient satisfaction in hospitals and finally evaluate the satisfaction of Imam Khomeini hospital inpatients of the quality of hospital spaces.

In-Between elements in architecture has been effective on the coexistence of components. In order to clarify and gradually reduce the materials, the invisible between spaces were used and called "void". The present study, based on voids components in architecture, has considered the impact void on social interactions in architectural spaces. To what extent can void presence in uses change the social components of space? It is the main question of the research. In other words, in different uses, how void affects social interactions in public spaces? One of the main objectives of the research is to identify "void" social indicators in public spaces and to explain the role of facilitating or inhibiting it in individuals' social interactions. The combined research or qualitative-quantitative method was considered as a survey with purposeful study samples, and after extracting the components, the conceptual framework was refined. The research process in two stages of initial test in 5 different office, medical, educational, hotel and Commercial and main test was done in 3 types of educational, hotel and commercial. The required information was collected by questionnaire and interview and analyzed by software. Findings show a significant effect of physical and void semantic components on social interactions; In the initial test, the findings in the office building showed it has unsociable effects and in medical places void is ineffective ; While the main test in commercial building, the hotel and the university with the effect of sociability on behavior by void. The research concludes that void plays a connection and intruption role in the architectural space at the same time. The effectiveness of relationships and social interactions in the void depends on users are affected by the environment, the type of use, the activity, and the purpose of the users' presence in places.

An survey of the theory of everyday life shows the importance of action and resistance. In the meantime, art, as an effective and productive force, can be produce the creativity and, in this way, creative action. This theory is about the domination of instrumental rationality, the ideology of economic system, and the low-visibility mechanisms of the everyday life. Among the approaches for study everyday life, there are three perspectives: Phenomenological, Critical and Postmodern approach. This paper research seeks to take a critical perspective for finding the ways to reclaim urban spaces. With this explanation, the problem of the present study is how using public art can enhance creativity in urban space and thus can increase creativity and regain everyday life space and provide the basis for realization of social space. This article, in view of its purpose, is in the category of analytical research. After deducing the theoretical research in this area (with a qualitative approach and based on qualitative content analysis), quantitative and deduction analysis method in the case study used (City Theater Area) and the explanatory model tested. Observation, field survey and questionnaire were used to collect data. The sample size was 380 questionnaires and the target group of this study was a diverse range of users from the City Theater area. Analysis of questionnaire data (correlation test and factor analysis) using SPSS software confirms that public art can promote creative action. And among the dynamic and interactive arts, they have the greatest impact on creating action. The interaction and learning factor formed by interactive art has the most impact on the creative activity of users of the City's Theater space. To reach this level of creative action, one must first respond to the lower levels of participation and creating conditions for presence and discourse.

The increasing development of cities and the increase of artificial spaces in them has posed a threat to urban green cover. Green coverings that have cultural, historical, and social identities. In fact, urban green cover is one of the most important recreational and tourism platforms in cities that have been neglected in the development of contemporary cities. Urban vegetation is related to many components, including socio-demographic issues, urban laws, ecological issues, etc., and also affects some. In this research, Deh-e Punak has been studied as a case study from 1379 to 1399. Deh-e Punak is a comprehensive example of all the evolutionary trends of urban green cover, because it has historical, religious, and natural values, and has also experienced a variety of land change processes from small and large parts. The present research has been done by the method of documentary study and case study. In this research, with comprehensive and qualitative and software studies, the green cover structures of Deh-e Punak have been analyzed. In this study, while recognizing the factors affecting the urban vegetation of Deh-e Punak, their importance, and necessity, its historical-religious identity, laws, and guidelines affecting green cover, ecological and social effects, we have tried to introduce strategies to improve green cover. Deh-e Punak should be paid taking into account all the components. The results of this study show that the urban green cover of Deh-e Punak directly affects the quality of life and the most important factor that improves and expands urban green cover in urban tourism.

The occurrence of crime is one of the problems of life today and has reduced the level of satisfaction of individuals in society, the feeling of fear and the quality of social life. The environment defines individual behavior and individual behavior defines social space. The urban and social environment in which the sense of security is crystallized, the perceived stress of citizens, will be reduced, and this can be greatly reduced by crime design by identifying environmental stimuli and identifying the stimuli of environmental stress and reflecting the solution to them in urban design. Improving the quality and vitality of urban space is the main goal of this research. The research method uses a combined method. In the first part, theoretical issues and knowledge of the subject literature were dealt with, which was compiled using library resources and related articles. The second part is dedicated to the case study and a little strategy has been used in the survey context. The obtained data were statistically analyzed by SPSS 2 software. The statistical population of this study was randomly selected in the study area, ie the main street of Rajai Shahr in Karaj. The questionnaire consisted of 37 questions and the statistical population was 384 people, with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.764. The results showed that the correlation relationship between the research variables was 0.803, which indicates a strong correlation between the dependent variable (urban design) and the independent variable (crime reduction, crime-preventive environmental design and environmental stress). According to the findings, the results show that in the dimension of environmental stress stimuli and crime-preventive environmental design, most of the effective indicators were above the middle of the theoretical analysis and are considered as critical factors that should be considered in urban design to achieve safe urban space. Paid special attention.

Expansion of digital technologies and wide social networks has caused a change in the understanding of spatial experience. It has also caused a flow of extensive information from the citizens' viewpoints about their experience of urban spaces. Thus, moving towards modern analyses based on big data can cause a paradigm shift in the methods of measuring the quality of urban spaces. In big data analysis, the search process to reveal hidden patterns and unknown correlations can be used for next decisions. Moreover, due to instantaneous changes in various criteria of urban spaces, they are nowadays considered as a dynamic entity. For this reason, their measurement and evaluation should also be presented in the form of methods that can respond to these instantaneous changes. The present study aims to provide a flexible and dynamic method to measure the quality of Pakington Street in Australia as an example of urban spaces based on big data analysis.  This measurement has been used due to changes in the urban space in the short term. The main method used in this study is to use the Kalman algorithm model to obtain the moving average graph of the quality of spaces based on the time variable and the rate of the indicators based on the data obtained from the citizens' participation in the Place Score program.  After analyzing the big data for the five indicators of the quality of the urban space, it was found that in Pakington Street, the average rate of the two indicators of view and function and uniqueness in the short term is stable, and from the users' viewpoint, the average of the three indicators of safety, things to do, and care of the space varies in the short term of a day and night.

City context has analysed with different process. One of them is »context spatial structure«. In other to, Structure is matter`s objects and properties, that it`s failure, failure matter. In this article, after definition of »Space and Place«, presents kind of »Public Places« such as: way and path, square and piazza, plaza, water front, circle, stairway, public roof, entrance or gate of city and district, park and public garden, pedestrian way, bazaar and passage, area in residential complex, and finally yard of mosques.Difference and common of between »Spatial Organization and Spatial Structure« and members of Spatial Structure have showed.Whereas ancient public places (in old districts) and New urban spasec (in new districts) are important members of Spatial Structure, presents role of them in Kerman`s inner, medial and peripheral districts.Also notice connect or disconnect of ancient public places and New urban spasec for build of spatial Kerman`s new and old districts.Research Type are Qualitative research and Quantitative research; so this is Mixed research. Research Strategy are on based on Triangulation. It means : use from several ways to reach goals that strategies and policies direct researcher to final destination. Research Methodology is descriptive- analytic and data collections are in way of library and internet sources; also (in way of) observational and environmental activities in Iranians recent years cities. Qualitative methods in this research are observation, interviews and analysis of documents. Technique of observation comes by behavior and partnership. Technique of interview has semi-structured and embrace short and detail answers from influential groups (residents for rightful groups and managements for contributed groups).

Happiness has broad definitions that are constantly changing. From antiquity to the Enlightenment era, happiness is defined in terms of eudemonistic, hedonistic, and ideological. Until the end of the twentieth century, with the growth of industry in societies, numerical-economic criteria played a pivotal role in its definition. In recent decades, due to the importance of social interactions, happiness has been redefined with social relationships. In the present study, by identifying the criteria affecting the formation of social interactions in the mixed-use space, this link has been classified in the form of measuring adapting of objective samples with the extracted criteria. Firstly, by presenting a theoretical framework from previous studies, the three criteria diversity, density and design of detached space have been considered. Secondly, Mixed-use urban centers, which have been considered as a functional solution for more interaction in communities by urban architects and planners, due to the existence of mixed commercial, cultural and recreational uses in the form of six options (mixed-used centers: Galleriya, Arg, Kourosh, Samarghand, Heravi and Kiyan) were identified and classified in Tehran. Then, with the three-level Hierarchical Analysis Method, three main criteria (diversity, density and design of detached space) in the form of nine common sub-criteria including cinema, restaurant and food court, play space, shops, elevators and escalators, open space, voids, shared space and security were evaluated for each of the six selected options. The results indicate the importance of the role of design in the form of detached space as the most effective criterion in prioritizing mixed-use urban space with a focus on happiness. In addition, based on the weights obtained from the identified criteria and sub-criteria, the Kourosh Mixed-use Center with the highest ranking in competition with other options has provided a happier space.

Despite the fact that professional organizations have an exceptional place in consolidating the position of a field of knowledge, we do not see this in urban planning. The fact is that these organizations, which play a multi-functional role, are faced with serious challenges and obstacles. In this context, considering a period of three decades of experience in urban planning professional organizations, the vision is not clear cut. Thus, in this research, we attempted to study these organizations, suing a critical approach, in order to present an image of present status and the future visions. In this regard, we used the critical discourse analysis in order to identify the challenges faced by such organizations. Using a snow-ball sampling effect, we interviewed a total of 19 experts within the managerial and professional body of the Construction Engineering Disciplinary Organization. This is the most active professional urban planning organization in Iran. The research data was collected using the discursive interview. The result of data analysis point to the identification of three groups of challenges, including external factors, organization’s internal factors and inner-group factors. The external factors have the greatest impacts, which point to the absence of the context for the effectiveness of these organizations. At the next level, a more diversified scope of inner-group challenges, which point to the urban planners’ critical views on their professional community, is observed. Finally, the internal factors, which mostly deal with the relationship between urban planning with their neighboring disciplines as well as the managerial body, are placed. The combination of challenges portray a difficult path faced by the urban planning profession.